#Calca peru population driver#

Different tissue microenvironments imprint the phenotypes and functions of ILC2s, which are, like other ILC subsets, highly plastic, thus facilitating adaptation to their microenvironment 9. However, progress in the past couple of years has made clear that ILC2s differ in phenotype and function between and within tissues 8. For some time, it was thought that ILC2s, in contrast to other ILC subsets, were a homogeneous population of cells because, initially, no phenotypic or functional heterogeneity of ILC2s was noted, in contrast to the subsets of ILC1s and ILC3s that were identified at the time of their discovery.

#Calca peru population driver#

T H2 cells and ILC2s have key transcription factors and cytokine production profiles in common, and these shared features were a major driver of research efforts that have propelled our understanding of the mechanisms of ILC2 development and function. At the time that ILC2s were discovered, an extensive body of knowledge on the biology of T helper 2 (T H2) cells was already available. Just over a decade has passed since the first extensive descriptions of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in mice 1, 2, 3 (in 2010) and humans 4, 5 (in 2011), although there had been hints as to the existence of these cells in earlier papers from 2001 (ref. We discuss recent insights in ILC2 biology and suggest how this knowledge might be used for novel disease treatments and improved human health.

In this Review, we focus on the spectrum of ILC2 phenotypes that have been described across different tissues and disease states with an emphasis on human ILC2s. Dysregulation of ILC2s contributes to type 2-mediated pathology in a wide variety of diseases, potentially making ILC2s attractive targets for therapeutic interventions. ILC2s can also regulate the functions of other type 2 immune cells, including T helper 2 cells, type 2 macrophages and eosinophils. Initially, ILC2s were implicated in the early immune response to parasitic infections, but it is now clear that ILC2s are highly diverse and have crucial roles in the regulation of tissue homeostasis and repair. Some portion of the population counted as 'working age' may actually be unemployed or not in the labor force whereas some portion of the 'dependent' population may be employed and not necessarily economically dependent.More than a decade ago, type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were discovered to be members of a family of innate immune cells consisting of five subsets that form a first line of defence against infections before the recruitment of adaptive immune cells. NOTE: Dependency Ratio does not take into account labor force participation rates by age group. All three ratios are commonly multiplied by 100.ĭefinition: population ages 0-15 divided by the population ages 16-64.įormula: ( ÷ ) × 100ĭefinition: population ages 65-plus divided by the population ages 16-64.ĭefinition: sum of the youth and old-age ratios.įormula: (( + ) ÷ ) × 100 There are three types of age dependency ratio: Youth, Elderly, and Total.

The population is stable, neither increasing nor decreasing.

Stationary - with a somewhat equal proportion of the population in each age group.

Constrictive - pyramid with a narrow base (lower percentage of younger people, indicating declining birth rates with each succeeding age group getting smaller than the previous one).

Expansive - pyramid with a wide base (larger percentage of people in younger age groups, indicating high birth rates and high fertility rates) and narrow top (high death rate and lower life expectancies).